Diabetes mellitus is a very serious disease, to which, according to statistics, almost every fourth person is prone. Given that today the number of patients exceeds 350 million people, the diet for diabetes is being carefully studied, which, according to experts, should be followed not only by patients, but also by people with a predisposition to the development of the disease.
Being overweight, genetic predisposition or stomach ailments can lead to abrupt cessation of insulin production and other unpleasant manifestations and following a diet will become a necessary measure to maintain a normal state.
Characteristics of the diet in diabetes
The diet for diabetes can vary considerably depending on the type of disease. As a rule, there are 2 main types of diabetes, where there are different forms and rules of diet, due to the causes of metabolic disorders and the conversion of sugar into glucose.
But every type of illness requires adherence to general eating habits.
Basic dietary guidelines for diabetes
The diet for diabetes must be carried out in strict accordance with the basic rules. Thus, for both types of disease, there are the following aspects in the diet:
- The diet should contain proteins, fats and carbohydrates in a balanced ratio in relation to the presence of the disease.
- The number of meals should be increased slightly. So, you should eat every 3-4 hours in small portions, dishes for diabetics should be low in calories.
- The calorie content of food and dishes should be carefully and carefully calculated - it should not exceed the daily energy consumption. Otherwise, the possibility of weight gain increases, which in diabetes is fraught with complications.
- Almost every diet for patients with the presented disease follows the foundations of a proper and balanced diet. You should include in your diet vegetables and fruits, carbohydrates and proteins, do not neglect fats and amino acids.
It should be noted that each patient should consult their healthcare professional about the basic nutritional information for their particular case. It is not recommended to follow a specific diet, even if it is intended for people with diabetes, without consulting a doctor.
The treating physician must calculate the calorie content for the patient, as well as make some changes according to the individual characteristics of the organism.
Type 1 diabetes and diet
Strange as it may sound, the diet for type 1 diabetes is based on the correct administration of insulin, so here you should consider the use of foods that significantly increase blood sugar.
It turns out that for such patients, the diet does not require restrictions, it is only necessary to make proper accounting and timely administration of insulin in the blood. The following principles and rules for insulin administration are here:
- Foods that do not contain a lot of carbohydrates in their composition should not be considered. For example, meat and fish, eggs and cheese, cottage cheese and butter can be consumed in reasonable quantities, but their consumption should not be reduced or eliminated.
- Only products that contain carbohydrates can be measured - these are flour and confectionery, as well as vegetable products and liquid dairy products.
Insulin should be given according to the amount of food consumed. You also need to adjust your food intake in a timely manner. Here you must use the following principles and rules for insulin administration:
- if treatment is with short-acting insulin, then it is given 20 minutes before meals.
- If the treatment takes place with insulin of medium duration of action, then it is introduced 40 minutes before the meal.
- When the combined type of insulin is used, it is administered according to the scheme 20 minutes before breakfast, every 3 hours during the day and half an hour before a full dinner.
The dose of insulin should be calculated according to the amount of food consumed. The calculation is performed by calculating bread units (XE).
The unit is a piece of bread 25 g (10-12 g of carbohydrates), which raises a person's blood sugar by 1. 8 mmol / L.
The treating physician can tell you exactly about the calculations. Also, to accurately calculate your insulin dose, you should study the table, which shows the carbohydrate content indicators in each product.
Type 2 diabetes and diet
The type 2 diabetes diet is significantly different from the type 1 diet. Here, not only the products that are allowed for consumption must be taken into account, but also the calorie content of the daily diet must be carefully monitored. Here are the following indicators:
- The normal daily calorie content should be between 1600-2500 kcal, depending on the patient's weight and energy consumption.
- in the presence of excess weight, the calorie content necessarily decreases to 1300-1500 kcal.
- if there is too much weight, the treating physician can reduce the calorie content to 1000 kcal per day.
- there are times when being overweight significantly exceeds the norm and the daily calorie content is reduced to 600-900 kcal.
The calorie content of food should be calculated by the treating physician, as not only the indicators of a person's weight are taken into account, but also the presence of diseases such as heart arrhythmias, serious chronic diseases, gout and mental disorders.
The diet for type 2 diabetics is as follows:
- The carbohydrates of the total daily diet should not exceed 55%. Those products that are saturated with vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber should be preferred. For example, whole grain breads, whole grains, legumes and vegetables. As for the products that contain sugar, they are completely abandoned. Instead of sugar, it is allowed to consume xylitol or sorbitol in a ratio of 0. 5 g per 1 kg of patient weight, divided simultaneously in 2-3 doses.
- Protein for a patient with type 2 diabetes is allowed according to the normal rule of a healthy person - 90 g per day. Lean meat in the form of poultry, lean fish and cottage cheese should be preferred. The daily intake of protein in the diet is 15-20%.
- 30% of the daily portion contains fats, which come to the body to a greater extent than vegetable oils.
- Consume salt and fatty foods in limited quantities.
Experts advise that the diet of patients with diabetes be taken seriously. It is better to make a menu for each day, for 2-3 days or even a whole week.
It will not be unnecessary to present it to the treating physician, who will be able to make adjustments depending on the patient's state of health.
Characteristics of a low carb diet for type 2 diabetes
As a rule, the majority of patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight, which requires immediate elimination, so that the person can more easily tolerate the disease and not expose the body to sudden and significant "jumps" in blood sugar levels.
So many experts recommend a low carb diet for type 2 diabetes. What is it?
Scientists have suggested that it is quite difficult for sick people to adhere to proper nutrition and basic principles immediately after being diagnosed with their disease.
In addition, the main task here is to lose excess weight, therefore, the patient must reduce calorie intake, which is not always possible.
Thus, a person begins to suffer from a sharp drop in blood sugar levels, which follows in relation to constant hunger. This, according to scientists, can be easily avoided by eating more protein.
Protein foods are ideal for weight loss. In addition, in diabetes, protein foods are the safest. This diet is more reminiscent of the well-known "Kremlin".
But such a diet should be resorted to only with the permission of the treating physician, as the intake of protein in the body in large quantities can be dangerous to health and cause an exacerbation of chronic diseases.
If you follow the presented diet, it is recommended to take special vitamins for diabetics, which will be prescribed by the treating doctor.
Principles and basic elements of the "Table number 9" diet.
Most experts advocate not only proper nutrition but also the use of special medical diets.
Thus, especially for patients with the present disease, a diet was developed, called "Table No. 9", which corresponds to the approved list of all medical food establishments.
It outlines exactly how to eat properly with diabetes, lists the allowed and forbidden foods.
The menu presented is also divided into two categories, which correspond to the 1st and 2nd type of disease. But there are general principles we need to learn and follow in order to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
Principles of the "Table number 9" diet.
The presented diet contains basic principles that must be considered without a doubt. These include the following aspects:
- Meals can be taken up to 6 times a day. The main feature is that you have to eat every 3 hours in small portions.
- The menu for diabetics is prepared without the inclusion of fried, spicy, fatty foods.
- You can only eat boiled, cooked and baked dishes.
- Sweets for diabetics should be replaced with natural products or with the addition of sweeteners.
"Table No. 9" contains a complete list of foods that are allowed for consumption, rich in vitamins and other useful micronutrients. You should pay attention to fruits with a high content of ascorbic acid, which are allowed to be consumed in small quantities during the day.
What you can eat with diabetes
The presented diet fully indicates to patients what can be consumed with diabetes of any type. These foods are recommended to be included in the diet to maintain blood sugar levels and avoid complications. Allowed products include:
- all flour products made from whole grains and wholemeal flour;
- low-fat sausages and fatty inclusions.
- all species of fish associated with low-fat varieties;
- all kinds of lean meats.
- greens and green vegetables;
- low sugar fruit.
- Oatmeal, buckwheat and millet are allowed by cereals.
- any low-fat dairy products;
- tea, freshly squeezed juices from permitted fruits and vegetables, herbal teas are allowed from drinks.
Allowed foods are consumed according to the above rules and characteristics, depending on the type of disease.
What not to eat with diabetes
In the diet "Table number 9" there is a list of foods that are prohibited, must be consumed with the utmost vigilance and precision. The list of prohibited products includes:
- all kinds of sweets, including sweets with a high sugar content (kind of jam)
- fatty poultry meat;
- salinity in the form of salted fish, salted canned foods and other pickles.
- fermented fatty and drinkable dairy products, for example, boiled milk, cream and yoghurts;
- you can not eat strong meat broths.
- Pasta, rice and semolina are forbidden - they increase sugar levels.
- hot spices, condiments, snacks.
- sweet fruits;
- Industrial juices from packaging - have a high sugar content.
- any alcoholic beverage.
The type of disease in this case in no way affects the likelihood of consuming prohibited foods. According to experts, even patients with type 1 diabetes should follow a diet so as not to aggravate the condition.
Controversial fruits and vegetables for diabetes
There are many controversial issues in the diet of people with diabetes. Saying that natural products are allowed, including spices, doctors themselves are beginning to restrict patients from using them. What is the reason for this?
Controversial fruits in diabetes
The article has repeatedly stated that in the presence of the presented disease, the consumption of fruit without sugar is allowed. They contain little sugar, and therefore, will not harm the patient in any way.
However, what fruits can be consumed with diabetes, even patients with long experience do not know exactly. We do not need to talk about banning the use of grapes, but there are many controversial fruits, such as:
- Persimmon. It is possible to eat persimmon with diabetes, if its taste is vaguely reminiscent of sweet. This is the fact that confuses most patients.
In fact, it turns out that this fruit contains many vitamins, amino acids, trace elements and sucrose. This fact allows even patients to use lotus, as it has a beneficial effect on the body. But this fruit also has a high glycemic index - 70%.
It turns out that you can eat persimmon, but only in limited quantities - 70 g of fruit is 1 XE. Persimmons for type 2 diabetes are also allowed for consumption, but in limited quantities - no more than 1 fruit per day.
- Tangerines. Citrus fruits are allowed for diabetics, but in moderation. But it is possible to eat tangerines with diabetes is a controversial issue.
The fact is that mandarins contain a large amount of carbohydrates, which leads to a sharp rise in blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes. Therefore, experts advise not to eat tangerines, even in moderation.
- Watermelon and melon. By the end of the summer, the melons ripen, which encourages patients to eat watermelon and melon.
These berries have a high glycemic index - 75% and 65%, respectively. This leads to a sudden release of sugar in the patient's blood, which causes malaise and fainting.
These products for diabetics are prohibited or require the use of bread units. Each patient should consult the treating physician, who can calculate the allowable dose of fruit for consumption.
Controversial vegetables and roots in diabetes
The use of vegetables in diabetes is also a matter of controversy.
Many patients do not even realize that vegetables and root crops such as potatoes, carrots, beets and tomatoes are strictly forbidden.
The vegetables mentioned contain a large amount of glucose, starch and sugar, which is unacceptable for consumption by patients with diabetes.
The following products are also subject to examination:
- Jerusalem artichoke for diabetesRecommended for use by many experts. It contains many amino acids, trace elements and inulin, which is at least 80%. This enzyme is a polysaccharide consisting of multiple fructose chains. It turns out that this root vegetable should not be consumed in unlimited quantities, but should be included in the diet for diabetes, as its benefit lies in preventing the occurrence of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Pumpkin is a useful vegetable for diabetics. It contains a large amount of protein, carbohydrates, fiber, which have a positive effect on weight control and maintenance and also contribute to weight loss. As a result, it turns out that pumpkin with type 2 diabetes should definitely be consumed, you just have to carefully monitor the amount of product in a portion, because there is also a high sugar content here.
- Diabetic sauerkraut also causes a lot of controversy because, as already mentioned above, salting is prohibited for patients. However, this type of salting is allowed for consumption by patients with type 2 diabetes. Cabbage and pickles improve metabolism, resulting in gradual weight loss. There are also useful properties for the work of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, you can use sauerkraut, but only in small quantities.
Looking at recipes for diabetics, you can discover many interesting things in the use of food, including vegetables and fruits.
Here, you should carefully consider the required amount of products for cooking. If necessary, you should calculate the amount of food you are allowed to consume.
Healthy foods for diabetes
For diabetics, some natural products only act as a beneficial effect on the functioning of the whole body. So, for example, you can not completely rule out glucose consumption. It is the foundation of most processes in the human body, which functions as an integral part.
Based on the necessity and benefits of using natural products for diabetes, scientists give their list, which lists all the properties that must be followed when choosing and when to prepare a diet.
Honey
Most patients refuse to consume honey. It seems to them that it contains a lot of sugar and glucose. As it turns out, this natural product is only 40% sucrose. But it contains the same amount of glucose, which can ban the use of honey for diabetes.
However, experts say that honey is simply irreplaceable for diabetes. They can replace regular and regular sugar.
A portion of honey for type 2 diabetes should not exceed 1-2 tablespoons. Divide it into several steps: add it to pastries or tea.
Cinnamon
Cinnamon is mandatory for patients with type 2 diabetes. Due to the composition of the spice in the body, it increases the sensitivity of cells to the produced insulin, which helps to normalize and reduce blood sugar levels.
In addition, cinnamon in diabetes helps cleanse blood vessels and internal organs of toxins and toxins, which has a positive effect on the prevention of thrombophlebitis and other serious diseases.
For a pleasant cinnamon application, add half a teaspoon to your tea or coffee. You can also sprinkle all the dishes with a little spice, according to your taste and preferences.
Laurel
Bay leaf in diabetes is necessary for use, but is contraindicated in the presence of serious diseases. Thus, this natural product should be used to boost immunity, speed up metabolism, cleanse the body of toxins and toxins.
On the other hand, bay leaves should not be consumed by people with end-stage diabetes, kidney disease or stomach ulcers.
Bay leaf is mandatory for type 2 diabetes, where the patient is overweight and has high cholesterol.
The use of bay leaves is allowed in the form of a dressing for dishes, but it is even more useful to use infusions. To prepare it, take 10 bay leaves and pour three glasses of boiling water.
Allow the infusion to infuse for 3-4 hours. Take the composition of 100 g up to three times a day and a half hours before meals. This will help keep your glucose levels at the right level.
Stevia
Hardly anyone knows about the benefits of stevia in diabetes, but regular use of the infusion helps maintain glucose levels, strengthens blood vessels, lowers cholesterol and blood pressure, and significantly improves blood microcirculation.
The collection is easy to buy at the pharmacy. It should be prepared according to the instructions presented and the herbal tea should be drunk hot and in small sips.
Eat right with diabetes, according to the basic recommendations of experts. This way you can keep your blood sugar level healthy and feel great in any emergency.